Modern video surveillance systems are often designed as a preventive element; that is, a tool for real-time monitoring or automatic event assessment. Yet when it comes to a real crime investigation, nothing is as important as a clear, quality recording.
“If an investigator sees a surveillance camera at a crime scene, they’ll obviously want to review recording as the first step in their investigation,” says Captain Ing. Martin Spurný, a police forensic expert with more than 18 years of experience with the most serious cases in the Czech Republic. “However, recordings are often of low forensic quality and have recurring problems with camera installations that make their work much more difficult.”
Ahead, he adds, are seven of the most common issues he sees on the job.
1. The evidence is out of the camera’s view
Many surveillance camera installations today are still done without a proper security analysis that defines exactly how the camera will be used and what angle of view is necessary to capture the most essential events and details .
A poorly positioned camera can miss important details |
Should a camera only focus on a certain violation of a perimeter, or is it likely that the recording will need to provide more precise details? These are critical questions, and investigators are often challenged with the fact that people in the monitored area are simply “not there” or are too small to determine any useful image information. An example of poor camera positioning is sometimes seen at shops when a robber comes to the cashier with a cap on his head. A camera looking from above cannot see important features that would assist in identification.
2. PTZ cameras miss the moment
The popularity of pan, tilt, and zoom (PTZ) cameras can sometimes be a hindrance from the forensic perspective. For example, the automatic “guard tour” set in the camera installed on a city street with 5-10 different PTZ positions simply doesn’t make sense when a sudden incident happens. On the contrary, when static multisensor or panoramic cameras are used, the suspect is always present in the camera view and the forensic experts can more easily prove that the footage comes from one reliable device and that the recording hasn’t been manipulated.
The PTZ camera captured a bike thief, and then the shot shifted to another PTZ position. When it returned, the thief was gone. |
3. Poor-quality images from analog cameras
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Although the ongoing shift from analog to IP cameras has introduced much better video resolutions, and full HD is considered standard in new installations, police investigators will always want more detail.
Naturally, a higher resolution provides more detail and, therefore, enables more effective identification of people and objects. Unlike blurred and grainy pictures from old analog cameras, Full HD or 4K recordings give investigators the opportunity to not only see the important details, but also employ the latest artificial intelligence (AI) analytic applications on high-quality video footage. This can significantly increase the chances of a successful investigation.
4. Details are lost with low framerates
Investigators often encounter recordings made by older camera systems that cannot be used due to a low frame rate. Even with the latest network cameras, where frame rates can be as high as 60 frames per second (fps), the problem can occur again when the installers or users reduce the recording’s framerate to save bandwidth or storage.
To understand what framerate is most effective, it is necessary to consider what scene the camera is set up to look for. For example, a system monitoring a large public area will not require as high identification accuracy as a vehicle license plate identification system or a cash counting process. Moreover, when a 4K camera saves highly detailed video but only in 5 fps, it is very difficult to identify a moving car in a scene.
Simply put, if you want to use the recording for identification purposes, the picture frequency should never fall below 15 fps. As well, if you’re going to identify moving vehicles, the frequency should be at least 25 fps.
This camera shot in 4K, but only in 5 FPS. Unfortunately, it did not help the investigator, who needed to identify the car. |
5. Black silhouettes or white ghosts
The ability to work in challenging lighting conditions is largely determined by the technological advancement of the camera. For example, Axis WDR ensures the maximum width of dynamic contrast, also suitable for forensic evidence.
Nevertheless, basic principles must be observed during camera installation. If possible, strong light sources should not be placed facing the camera, with the lighting of the scene being as even as possible. When installing, make sure that external lights or time-controlled lighting do not disturb the scene. Naturally, an object can be detected only when its brightness is different from the background, so before using the camera, make sure that it can handle lighting conditions at other times of the day.
IR illumination is also a special case. Herein, it is important to choose a suitable location of the illumination based on the distance of the monitored objects and consider the risk that the color spectrum may be displayed differently depending on the temperature.
Apparently, no one tested this camera at night. The perpetrator at the door is not visible either before or after switching on the IR illumination. |
6. Did it really happen at that time?
One of the most pressing and frequent issues in a court hearing involving any digital data is the date and time setting. After all, one of the basic means of defense is to use even the slightest discrepancy in date of time to a defendant’s advantage. Therefore, unambiguous evidence is a key point not only in forensic investigations but in the overall investigation process.
Improper camera settings can make the situation much worse. For example, the camera may not be set to automatically update during the winter and summertime. Or, during installation, the calendar data on the camera may not be synchronized with the data on the recording device. Fortunately, modern VMS solves these problems. The ideal proof of authenticity could be a dynamic watermark in the future, which ensures the accuracy of the date and the integrity of the record.
7. Spider webs and other problems
While there are significant issues that complicate the criminologist’s work, there are also trivial problems that can play a crucial role. Within systems that have insufficient maintenance, factors like poorly focused cameras, dirty glass on the camera cover, and cobwebs can all undo an investigation and waste the quality of the camera technology. At the same time, faulty cable connections or a recording unit that lacks data storage can mean that important evidence remains uncaptured. Negligence or the intentional removal of evidence makes it critical that records need to be better protected.
Hopefully, greater responsibility for personal data and the obligation of more thorough records, leakage reports and records resulting from the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) will also lead to better care for surveillance systems and allow them to serve the purpose for which they are intended .
This article is adapted from a previously published Axis Communications article . Learn more about the latest video surveillance tech and best practices at Axis Communications’ website .
